Mars: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Assorted References
- achondrites
- asteroids
- atmosphere
- iceberg scour marks
- identification with Star of Bethlehem
- igneous rock
- plate tectonics
- solar system composition
- Trojan asteroids
- tsunami occurrence
exploration
probes
- astrobiology
- gravity
- Hohmann orbits
- Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution
- Mars Global Surveyor
- Mars Orbiter Mission
- Mars Pathfinder
- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
- Mars Science Laboratory
- In Curiosity
- seismology
- topography
- trajectories
work of
- Cassini
- Kepler
- Kuiper
- Lowell
- McKay
- Richer
- In Jean Richer
- Schiaparelli
Additional Reading
Donald Goldsmith, The Hunt for Life on Mars (1997), describes the events that led to the controversial claims for evidence of life in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. John Noble Wilford, Mars Beckons: The Mysteries, the Challenges, the Expectations of Our Next Great Adventure in Space (1990), provides a general introduction. All aspects of Mars science are addressed in Hugh H. Kieffer et al. (eds.), Mars (1992), a huge, comprehensive technical summary of existing knowledge. Victor R. Baker, The Channels of Mars (1982), is a well-illustrated discussion of how these features came about and their implications for the history of Mars. Michael H. Carr, The Surface of Mars (1981), is a profusely illustrated survey of scientists’ perception of Mars after the Viking missions, and Water on Mars (1996) discusses the role that water has played in the evolution of the Martian surface. Volumes of papers detailing the results of the various Mars spacecraft missions appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research: for Viking, 82, no. 28 (1977); for Mars Pathfinder, 104, no. E4 (1999); and for Mars Global Surveyor, 106, no. E4 (2001). These results are summarized in several excellent papers in Nature 412:207–253 (July 12, 2001).
Michael C. Malin Michael H. CarrArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Michael C. Malin
- Michael H. Carr
-
Michael J.S. Belton
Astronomer Emeritus, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Associated Press update. | Jan 25, 2024 | ||
| Modified link of Web site: NASA - Science - Mars. | Dec 03, 2023 | ||
| Links added. | Sep 14, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Planets - Mars Facts. | Mar 27, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Physics LibreTexts - Mars. | Dec 04, 2022 | ||
| Added video of Ingenuity helicopter. | Sep 02, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Live Science - Mars: The red planet. | Aug 23, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Space.com - Mars: Everything you need to know about the Red Planet. | Aug 19, 2022 | ||
| Top Questions updated. | Apr 11, 2022 | ||
| Changed “2023” to “the late 2020s.” | Mar 23, 2022 | ||
| Removed media. | Dec 15, 2021 | ||
| Added material about the internal structure of Mars. Changed number of Martian meteorites from “more than 30” to “more than 300.” | Jul 30, 2021 | ||
| Updated for the landing of the Zhurong rover. | Jun 03, 2021 | ||
| Added photograph of the Ingenuity helicopter. | May 06, 2021 | ||
| Noted the first flight of the Ingenuity helicopter. | Apr 19, 2021 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Feb 23, 2021 | ||
| Media added. | May 29, 2020 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Apr 25, 2019 | ||
| Added material about an underground lake on Mars to the introduction and the section Polar sediments, ground ice, and glaciers. | Jul 26, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Fun Facts About Mars. | Apr 26, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: ThoughtCo. - Journey through the Solar System: Planet Mars. | Mar 15, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: ThoughtCo. - Journey through the Solar System: Planet Mars. | Mar 13, 2018 | ||
| Media added. | Dec 07, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Mars Exploration Program. | Nov 30, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 25, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Mars Exploration Program. | Sep 06, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | May 12, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | Apr 13, 2016 | ||
| The words "its lander, named Beagle 2" were changed to "its British lander, Beagle 2." The words "presumably descended to the Martian surface" were changed to "having landed on the Martian surface." | Jan 16, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Rader's Cosmos4Kids.com - Mars. | Apr 11, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Kidipede Science for Kids - Mars. | Apr 11, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: ESA Kids - Mars - the red planet. | Apr 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Mars Facts for Kids. | Apr 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: h2g2 - Mars. | Apr 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: kidsastronomy.com - Mars. | Feb 07, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Mars. | Jan 28, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Kids Astronomy - Our Solar System - Mars. | Jan 28, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Wolfram Research - Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy - Mars. | Jan 28, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum - Exploring the Planets - Mars Facts. | Jan 28, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indian Child - Mars. | Jan 28, 2013 | ||
| The table Planetary data for Mars was revised and updated. | Dec 06, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: India Parenting - Mars Mania. | Sep 13, 2012 | ||
| Information added about Mars Science Laboratory. | Aug 06, 2012 | ||
| Added image of Chasma Boreale, a valley on Mars's northern ice cap. | Dec 12, 2011 | ||
| Photographs of Viking spacecraft and Utopia Planitia added. | Nov 07, 2011 | ||
| Video of possible flowing water and photograph of possible cave entrances on Mars added. | Nov 07, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Dept. Physics & Astronomy - Mars. | Sep 01, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Mars. | Aug 25, 2011 | ||
| Article updated for possible discovery of liquid water on Martian surface. | Aug 05, 2011 | ||
| Added animation of Mars rotating comprised of images from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. | May 25, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: NASA - 2001 Mars Odyssey. | Sep 16, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: NASA - 2001 Mars Odyssey. | Sep 16, 2010 | ||
| Added image of Phoenix Mars Lander collecting soil samples. | Jun 02, 2010 | ||
| Information about methane in Martian atmosphere added. | Apr 29, 2010 | ||
| Information added about the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's observation of subsurface ice at mid-latitudes. | Nov 17, 2009 | ||
| Video of Mariner 4 photos added. | Sep 01, 2009 | ||
| Added information about the U.S. probe Phoenix and the discoveries it made on Mars. | May 08, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Mars's Structure. | Apr 24, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Discovery Of Mars. | Apr 24, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Atmosphere of Mars. | Apr 24, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Science and Space - Mars Exploration. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Science - Mars. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Mar 13, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - How Mars Works. | Feb 11, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Is There Really Water On Mars? | Feb 11, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Mars Explained. | Feb 11, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Is There Really A Face On Mars? | Feb 11, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - How Will Landing On Mars Work? | Feb 11, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Office of Naval Research - Solar System: Inner Planets - Mars. | May 19, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Dept. Physics & Astronomy - Mars. | May 29, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Enchanted Learning - Mars. | Feb 06, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Mars Exploration Program. | Dec 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Planet Mars. | Dec 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Fact Monster - People - Biography of Cyrus Vance. | Dec 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Planet Mars. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Space Place - Mars Exploration Programme. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: None. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Myths About Mars. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Star Child - Mars. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Mars Planet. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Students for the Exploration and Development of Space - Mars. | Dec 17, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Mars Team. | Nov 13, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: NASA - Mars Exploration Program. | Nov 06, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Mars Global Circulation Model Group - Mars Today. | Oct 30, 2006 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Sep 29, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: SpaceRef - Mars Today. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: SpaceRef - Mars Today. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Our Solar System. | Jul 07, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of Tennessee - Astronomy 161: The Solar System. | Jun 30, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The New York Times - Exploring the Solar System. | Jun 28, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Solar System in Pictures - The Planet Mars. | Jun 22, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Wayne RESA - Life on Other Planets in the Solar System. | Jun 14, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Nine Planets - Phobos. | Jun 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Enchanted Learning - All About Astronomy. | May 26, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Jun 16, 2005 | ||
| Article revised. | Jul 09, 2004 | ||
| Article revised. | Jan 12, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Aug 24, 1998 |
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